The concept of a holy or Sacred War did not begin with monotheism. The ancient Greeks had a number of them on the battlefields of Delphi, which was the center of their world.
However, they were not fought for the same reasons. Unlike Christianity and Islam, the Greeks did not demand that the whole world accept their belief system, or even that all Greeks have the same beliefs within that system. In fact, some of the Wars were fought for religious freedom itself.
The Wars not only shook and helped shape the ancient Greek world, but who we are as human beings, and our development of warfare in its beginning stages in the West. They also tell us when wars are worth fighting, and even how to avoid physical conflict with one another. And in general, the Sacred Wars are just a fascinating part of ancient Greek history. The reader will find knowledge, mystery, intrigue, and even some humor in the records.
From 595 to 585 BCE, the First Sacred War erupted the turbulent timeline that would filter through many generations of Greeks. The First was also known as the Cirraean War or probably the Kirraean War, named after the City that started it, Kirrha.
Kirrha was a locality that operated as the harbor of Delphi itself. During this time period, the rise of the Greek City State as we know it, had not come into existence. At best, there were strong tribal regions, such as the Amphictyonic League.
The locality that formed the harbor of Delphi not only began their instigations by abusing and robbing devotees one their way to consult the Oracle of Delphi and pay tribute, but they also tried to seize control of the sacred plain of Apollon, which was never to be cultivated. The League was a confederation of tribes that came together to protect and defend Delphi in the face of this aggression and invasion, which only grew the more it was allowed to persist.
The League declared war on Kirrha, for the purpose of returning Apollon's land and liberating the Delphic Sanctuary to continue its service and work for the Greek world. For ten years, Kirrha was able to put up a stiff resistance, but what probably brought it to an official end and surrender was the first use of chemical warfare in recorded human history. Hellbore, an herb that causes severe stomach pains and diarrhea, was used to poison Kirrha's water supply. Eventually, the people probably simply could not stand anymore. The locality was then breached and destroyed, and its lands taken and given over to the service of Apollon, Leto and Artemis.
Most of the population of Kirrha was killed. The League wanted to make sure that the vanquished would never be able to pose any threat again, so they wiped them from the face of the Earth. Any inhabitants that managed to escape the town or its confiscated lands, made their way to a local mountain region called Kirphe. The final act was to establish the official Games of Delphi, aka the Pythian Games, probably to commemorate the great victory over those who tried to invade the sanctuary and its holy precincts.
When we look at this war, which would be one of many like it, what do we learn? What is worth fighting for? We would say that the extermination of the entire enemy population was wrong, because most certainly there were noncombatants and people who did not support the acts of aggression against Delphi. The first thing we learn is to judge each person individually. Secondly, that freedom of thought, worship and travel are always worth fighting for, because we cannot be a free people without those qualities. Dictatorships never result in a free, happy or prosperous people. We must always be ready, as free people, to come together, no matter our differences, and oppose the true foe.
In the Goodness of the Gods,
I'll see you at the next Herm down the road,
Chris Aldridge.
Source: Scott, Michael, Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World, Princeton Publishing, 2014.